Digital Cell Phone (1991)

By the early 1980s analog cellular telephone systems were attracting ever more customers. Each country, however, was developing his on standard, which was often incompatible with others.

Standardization seemed essential, and so, in 1982, the Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) was established by consortium of thirteen telecommunications interests to develop a common cell phone system throughout Europe. The first GSM phone call was made on the Finnish Radiolinja network in 1991, and by 1997 100 countries had implement a GSM capable network.

GSM strove to produce a standard for all the elements of a cellular mobile phone call, including the particular frequencies to be used for receiving and transmitting calls. Since the signaling and speech channels of the GSM network are digital, the network is considered a second generation (2G) phone system. Voices are digitized, compressed, and then sent through the GSM network- a far more efficient use network resources than afforded by its analog predecessor. Also, data could be sent to and from the digital phone at speed of up to 9,600 bps and, with the appropriate hardware adaptor, documents could be faxed, too. Other GSM services incorporated include call forwarding, call barring, caller identification, and call waiting. Most remarkable and influential of all, GSM introduced the Short Messaging System (SMS) for text messaging.The GSM Association, the standard is used by 82% of the world’s cell phone users, across more than 210 different countries and territories.

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